These perturbations, in general, can be entangled or occur in groups, forming complex perturbations. Amongst these perturbations are the presence of ripples and wrinkles, point and line defects, grain boundaries, strain fields, doping, water intercalation, oxidation, and edge reconstructions. In contrast to theoretical descriptions of the physical properties of various 2D materials, experimentally obtainable samples commonly experience a wide range of perturbations significantly deviating the properties from idealistic models, and thereby affecting the performance of the devices.
ĭespite monolayers holding great promise for a broad range of applications, the research around 2D materials suggests that proliferation of the potential devices and their fulfillment of real-life demands are still far from realization. This has opened an avenue to material engineering in the form of van der Waals heterostructures giving rise to novel potential devices such as single-molecule and DNA sensors, photodiodes, transistors, memory cells, batteries, magnetic field sensors, and spintronic logic gates. A broad spectrum of experimentally obtained ultra-thin materials covering metals, semimetals, semiconductors, insulators, topological insulators, superconductors and ferromagnets has been already reported with many others having been theoretically predicted. Since the realization of exfoliation of a single layer of graphite (graphene) and confirmation of its extraordinary physical properties, a wave of efforts aiming at synthesizing other two-dimensional (2D) materials has naturally emerged. This approach has the potential to determine the local environment of WS 2 monolayers or other 2D materials from simple optical measurements, and paves the way toward advanced, machine-aided, characterization of monolayer matter. Using principal component analysis we are able to identify four dominant components that are correlated with tensile strain, disorder induced by adsorption or intercalation of environmental molecules, multi-layer regions and charge doping, respectively. Here we generalise statistical correlation analysis of excitonic spectra of monolayer WS 2, acquired by hyperspectral absorption and photoluminescence imaging, to a multidimensional case, and examine multidimensional correlations via unsupervised machine learning algorithms.
These perturbations, in general, can be entangled or occur in groups with each group forming a complex perturbation making the interpretations of observable physical properties and the disentanglement of simultaneously acting effects a highly non-trivial task even for an experienced researcher. Experimentally obtainable samples commonly experience a wide range of perturbations (ripples and wrinkles, point and line defects, grain boundaries, strain field, doping, water intercalation, oxidation, edge reconstructions) significantly deviating the properties from idealistic models. Despite 2D materials holding great promise for a broad range of applications, the proliferation of devices and their fulfillment of real-life demands are still far from being realized.
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